0.1 Special Topics
3 hours; 3 credits each term
Cross-cultural analysis of topics of current interest. Topics vary from term to term. Course description may be obtained in the department office before registration. Students may take this course for credit twice, but may not repeat topics.

(This course is not counted towards the requirement of no fewer than 24 credits in advanced courses for majors in this department)

0.2 Mini-Course in Selected Topics on North American Indians
1 hour; 1 credit
Lectures and discussions on selected topics dealing with American Indians. Seven, two-hour, sporadically scheduled meetings and a final examination. Course descriptions and reading lists are available in the Anthropology and Archaeology Department office before registration. Students may take this course twice, but may not repeat topics. This course is the same as American Studies 5.1. (Not open to students who have taken the same topic in American Studies 5.)

(This course is not counted towards the requirement of no fewer than 24 credits in advanced courses for majors in this department. Students may take no more than 3 credits of mini courses in this department)

0.3 Mini-Course in Selected Topics in Anthropology
1 hour; 1 credit
Lectures and discussions on selected topics in anthropology. Seven, two-hour, sporadically scheduled meetings and a final examination. Course descriptions and reading lists are available in the Anthropology and Archaeology Department office before registration. Students may take this course twice, but may not repeat topics.

(This course is not counted towards the requirement of no fewer than 24 credits in advanced courses for majors in this department. Students may take no more than 3 credits of mini courses in this department)

1 On Being Human: An Introduction to Anthropology
3 hours; 3 credits;
General introduction to anthropology and its four subfields:
archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, and physical anthropology. Integration of subfields in approaches to the definition of humanity and the meaning of being human. Nature of the anthropological approach. (Not open to students who are enrolled in or have completed Anthropology *2.1.)

(This course is not counted towards the requirement of no fewer than 24 credits in advanced courses for majors in this department)

2.2 Introduction to Archaeology

3 hours; 3 credits
Survey of major techniques and methods of archaeology. Reconstruction of social and subsistence pafferns from material remains. Methods and procedures in excavation, classification, and evaluation of finds. This course is the same as Classics 26. (Not open to students who are enrolled in or have completed Anthropology 20 or Classics 2.2 or 19 or 26 or 60.)

2.21 Archaeology Laboratory

4 hours; 2 credits
Analysis techniques in archaeology; recording and analysis of artifacts and features from a site in New York. (Students who have completed Anthropology 70.1 may take this course only with permission of the chairperson.) With the chairperson's permission, students may take this course for credit twice, but may not repeat topics.
Prerequisite or corequisite: Anthropology 2.2 or Classics 2.2 or 26 and permission of the instructor.

2.3 Introduction to Anthropological Linguistics

3 hours; 3 credits
Language as a human universal. Problems of collection and analysis of language data, especially from nonliterate societies. Linguistic diversity, dialects, social usages, change. Relationships among race, language, and culture. (Not open to students who are enrolled in or have completed Anthropology 16 or Linguistics 1.)

2.4 Introduction to Physical Anthropology

3 hours; 3 credits
Description and classification of humans. Comparison with other primates. Direct and indirect evidence of processes of evolution. Relationship of culture and cultural evolution to human evolution. Humans today: group and individual variation.

6 Anthropological Perspectives on Sexual Behavior

3 hours; 3 credits
Sexual behavior as a cultural universal. Role and function of sex viewed cross-culturally. Sexual practices in non-Western societies.

7 Great Discoveries in Archaeology

3 hours; 3 credits
Survey of the most important archaeological discoveries of the past two centuries. Introduction to world archaeology through the study of famous archaeological monuments and sites. Basic archaeological concepts and techniques.

7.5 Archaeology in Biblical Lands

3 hours; 3 credits
Major archaeological discoveries in the lands of the Bible, from the Neolithic through Roman periods. Interpretation of excavations at major sites with reference to Biblical events.

10 Special Topics in Anthropology

3 hours; 3 credits each term
Subjects of interest in any of the four fields of anthropology that are not treated systematically in the regular curriculum. Topics may include violence, complex societies, archaeology of Mesopotamia. Topics vary from term to term. Course description may be obtained in the department office before registration. Students may take this course for credit twice, but may not repeat topics. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1, or 3, or 4, or 9 or permission of the chairperson.

11 Special Topics in Peoples and Cultures of Selected Areas

3 hours; 3 credits
Study of culture groups; institutions, historical influences, and effects of outside contact on specific areas within the larger regions described in existing course offerings. Ethnographic and theoretical analyses of culture groups. Cultural adaptations and retentions. Contemporary issues and problems. Selected area will vary each semester. Students may take this course for credit twice, but may not repeat areas.
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1, or 3, or 4, or 9, or permission of the chairperson.

12 Anthropological Perspectives on Intercultural Communication

3 hours; 3 credits
Concepts of cross-cultural interaction; verbal and nonverbal interaction; the relationship between cultural context and communication; proxemics and pragmatics. Examples drawn from cross-cultural interactions between the United States and Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and other industrialized and nonindustrialized cultures.
Prerequisite: Core Studies 9 or a course in cultural anthropology or permission of the department chairperson.

13 People, Nature, and Culture

3 hours; 3 credits
The ways in which people's traits, values, and institutions interact with their environment. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 18 before 1989.) Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 3, or 8.1, or 9, or permission of the chairperson.

14 Anthropology of Health and Disease

3 hours; 3 credits
Health beliefs and health behaviors of various groups of people; the history of diseases; the training and practices of health specialists; the unrecognized etfects on both physical and mental health of sociocultural factors; the relationship between human health and environment. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Anthropology 2.4, or Core Studies 8.1 or Health Science 6.1, or Biology 1 or 3 or 13.5 or permission of the chairperson.

16 Primate Behavior

3 hours; 3 credits
Field studies of Prosimians, Old and New World Monkeys, Great Apes. Comparative studies of ecology, social organization, territoriality, dominance, communication. Appraisal of current research. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 25.)
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 2.4, or Core Studies 8.1 or Psychology 10, or Biology 25, or permission of the chairperson.

22 World Prehistory

3 hours; 3 credits.
Survey of prehistoric archaeology; human origins in Africa; Paleolithic hunter/gatherers of the Old and New Worlds; the earliest food-producers; the rise of civilizations in the Near East, Mesoamerica, and South America. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 22.1 or 22.2, or to students who are enrolled in or have completed their second course from among the following: Anthropology 22.11, 22.12, 22.21, 22.22.) Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 7 with a grade of B or beffer, or Core Studies 1 or 9, or permission of the chairperson.

22.1 Old World Archaeology

3 hours; 3 credits.
Introductory survey of the development of human culture in the Old World. Study proceeds from the earliest pebble tools through the period of domestication and urbanization to the dawn of written history. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 22.11 or 22.12.) Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.2 or permission of the chairperson.

Linguistics

17 Historical Linguistics

3 hours; 3 credits
Origin and evolution of language. Dialects, languages, language families. Relationships between languages and language families. Processes involved in language classification. Linguistic change. The comparative method and its use in historical reconstruction. Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.3 or 16 or Linguistics 1 or permission of the chairperson.

18 Sociolinguistics

3 hours; 3 credits
The study of language as it is used by various social groups.
Language and gender, language and culture, language and thought, Creole languages, Black English, linguistic change.
This course is the same as English 24.8 and Sociology 30.1. Prerequisite: English 1 and either Anthropology 2.3 or Linguistics 1; or permission of the chairperson.

19 Language and Culture

3 hours; 3 credits
Language as a cultural institution. Relation to other aspects of culture and society. Behavior patterns in speech. Language, symbolism, and thought. Use of linguistic models. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 46.) Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 2.3, or Linguistics 1, or permission of the chairperson.

Archaeology

21 Approaches to Archaeological Theory

3 hours; 3 credits
Historical and current trends in archaeological theory. Methodology and techniques of anthropology, classics, art history, and the physical sciences relevant to archaeological studies. This course is the same as Classics 27. (Not open to students who have completed Classics 21.) Prerequisite: one of the following: Anthropology 2.2, 20, Classics 26, permission of the chairperson.

22 World Prehistory

3 hours; 3 credits.
Survey of prehistoric archaeology; human origins in Africa; Paleolithic hunter/gatherers of the Old and New Worlds; the earliest food-producers; the rise of civilizations in the Near East, Mesoamerica, and South America. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 22.1 or 22.2, or to students who are enrolled in or have completed their second course from among the following: Anthropology 22.11, 22.12, 22.21, 22.22.)
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 7 with a grade of B or beffer, or Core Studies 1 or 9, or permission of the chairperson.

22.1 Old World Archaeology

3 hours; 3 credits
Introductory survey of the development of human culture in the Old World. Study proceeds from the earliest pebble tools through the period of domestication and urbanization to the dawn of written history. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 22.11 or 22.12.)
Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.2 or permission of the chairperson.

23 Urban Archaeology

3 hours; 3 credits
This course will begin at the formation of the first cities in the Middle East, and move on to the Polynesian chiefdoms in the South Pacific and the Viking presence and voyages across the North Atlantic. Historical sites from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe and U.S. will also be examined to trace continuity and change in the character of commercialization and urbanization through time.
Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 or Anthropology 2.2 or permission of the chairperson.

Physical Anthropology

24.1 Human Osteology

2 hours lecture, 2 hours laboratory; 3 credits Functional aspects of the human skeleton with reference to evolution, race, age, sex. Intensive analysis of skeletal populations. Understanding biological and environmental influences in determining skeletal differences. Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.4 or Core Studies 8.1, or Physical Education 22.71 and 22.75; or Health Science 22.7; or Health Science 22.71 and 22.75; or Biology 24.1; or permission of the chairperson.

24.2 Introduction to Zooarcheology

4 hours (2 hours lecture, 2 hours lab) 3 credits. Study of animal remains from archaeological sites, methods of recovery, identification and analysis. Special emphasis placed on natural and social environments, formation processes, subsistence strategies and paleoenvironments. Prerequisite: One of the following - Anthropology and Archaeology 24.1, Biology 24.1, Physical Education and Exercise Science 22.75 or permission of the chairperson.

26.1 Human Paleontology

3 hours; 3 credits
Mechanisms of evolutionary change, paleontological and archaeological evidence bearing on the phylogenic history of humans, evaluation of the numerous interpretations of that evidence.
Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.4 or Core Studies 8.1 or 8.2 or Geology 9 or Biology 24.1 or permission of the chairperson.

26.2 Human Variation

2 hours lecture, 2 hours laboratory; 3 credits Range of variation and change due to growth, age, sex, race, constitutional differences. Techniques by which such differences are determined.
Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.4 or Core Studies 8.1 or Biology 2; or Physical Education 22.71 and 22.75; or Health Science 22.7; or Health Science 22.71 and 22.75; or permission of the chairperson.

Cultural anthropology

30 Comparative Social Systems

3 hours; 3 credits
Cross-cultural approach to analysis of social relations and institutions. Kinship, marriage, and the family. Descent groups, associations, class, caste. Theoretical approaches. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or permission of the chairperson.

31 Women: Anthropological Perspectives

3 hours; 3 credits
Cross-cultural analysis of women's lives. Problems of nature and nurture, gender stereotyping and self-images, the position of women in all cultural spheres, and changes over the life cycle. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or permission of the chairperson.

34 Political Anthropology

3 hours; 3 credits
Political and legal institutions in cross-cultural perspective. Problems of political boundaries, allocation of authority, resolution of conflict. Impact of modern nation-states on other societies.
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 3 or permission of the chairperson.

35 Anthropology of Law and Order

3 hours; 3 credits
The use of force by individuals and governments. Nature of law. Cross-cultural perspectives on crimes, terrorism, and police and military organizations. Case studies from various cultures at band, tribe, chiefdom, and complex industrial levels of organization. (Not open to students who have taken Anthropology 10 in Fall, 1992, or Spring, 1994.) Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 or Core Studies 3 or 9.

37 Urban Anthropology

3 hours; 3 credits
Cross-cultural study of adaption to the urban milieu. Sociocultural influences on urban life, effects of migration experience, social stratification, class structure. Ethnicity and the organization of multiethnic societies. Methods and problems in the analysis of urban systems. (Not open to students who are enrolled in or have completed Anthropology and Archaeology 37.5.)
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 3 or 4 or permission of the chairperson.

37.5 The American Urban Experience: Anthropological Perspectives

3 hours; 3 credits
Study of the diversity of American urban life and modes of analyzing sociocultural scenes, communities, and urban institutions.
Prerequisite: two of the following: Core Studies 3, 4, and 9, or their equivalents.

41 Anthropology of Visual and Performing Arts

3 hours; 3 credits
Anthropological study of visual and performing arts in cultural contexts; conceptions of art and aesthetics in other cultures; analysis ot performance, performers and creators of art; various approaches to the study of the arts: functional, psychological, symbolic, structural. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 40 or 40.1 or 40.2.) Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or 2 or *2.1 or permission of the chairperson.

42 Anthropology ot Religion

3 hours; 3 credits
Study of religions in their cultural contexts; magic and witchcrafl as aspects of religion; myths, rituals, and symbols; priests and shamans. Change in religions. Theoretical approaches. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 9 or Studies in Religion 1.1 or 1.2 or permission of the chairperson.

43 Cult, Occult, and Secret Societies

3 hours; 3 credits
Cross-cultural perspectives on cults and secret societies in Western and non-Western cultures. Concepts of the supernatural outside of formalized religion. Similarities between religious and secular groups with similar ideologies. (Not open to students who completed Anthropology 0.1 in Spring, 1992, or Fall, 1993.)
Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 or Core Studies 3 or permission of the chairperson.

44 Folklore

3 hours; 3 credits
Oral literature of nonliterate peoples including tales, myths, proverbs, riddles, poetry, songs. Folklore as an aspect of culture. Problems of collection and analysis of materials. Case studies.
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 6 or 9 or permission of the chairperson.

45 Animals and Monsters

3 hours; 3 credits
The perception of animals and monsters in a variety of cultures both ancient and modern. Discussion of the roles of animals and their interaction with humans in real and symbolic settings. Guest lectures on specific methodological approaches to the course subject. Prerequisite: Core Studies 1 or 3 or Anthropology 1 or 2.1 or 22.

Peoples and cultures

50 The Pacific

3 hours; 3 credits
Peoples and cultures of the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, and Australia; prehistory, history and influence of geography; culture changes and problems of development. Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

51 Peoples and Cultures of Japan

3 hours; 3 credits
The prehistory and various peoples of Japan; their linguistic affiliations and social structures; cultural patterns of traditional and contemporary Japan. (Not open to students who have received credit for this topic in Anthropology 11.) Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 or 2.1, or Core Studies 1, 3 or 9, or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

52 North American Indians: Traditional and Contemporary

3 hours; 3 credits
Patterns of American Indian cultures north of Mexico; cultural and linguistic diversity; cultural adaptations and developments; contemporary Native Americans. This course is the same as American Studies 52.
Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

53 Africa South of the Sahara

3 hours; 3 credits
Diversity of African peoples, languages, and cultures; prehistory and historical change; European contacts; the new Africa. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

61 The Middle East and North Africa

3 hours; 3 credits
Similarities and differences in cultures throughout the area; villagers, nomads, and urban peoples; the role of Islam. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

63 Europe

3 hours; 3 credits
Folk background and contemporary customs among folk, peasant, and industrial peoples; national character, value systems, and ethnicity; patterns of migration and modernization; community studies. Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or Gore Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

68 Latin America

3 hours; 3 credits
Pre- and post-Conquest peoples and cultures of Mesoamerica, South America, and the circum-Caribbean; development and decline of the Aztec, Maya, and Inca civilizations; contemporary life in the traditional folk village, Amazon rain forest, and Latin American city. This course is the same as Puerto Rican Studies 20. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 54 or 65 or 66.) Prerequisite: Anthropology *1 or ~2.1 or Core Studies 1 or 3 or 9 or six credits in social science courses, or permission of the chairperson.

Theory and Method

70.1 Summer Archaeological Field School

(Intensive Program) 3 hours lecture, 6 hours supervised fieldwork; 6 credits
Intensive instruction in field methods and techniques of archaeology through participation in every aspect of an excavation; training in archaeological mapping, excavation techniques, and methods of archaeological laboratory analysis. This course is the same as Classics 29. (Not open to students who have previously received credit for archaeological field work.) Prerequisite: permission of the chairperson and one of the following: Anthropology 2.2, Classics 26, Core Studies 1, 2.1, 9, Judaic Studies 12, a course in archaeological theory and methodology.

70.15 Intersession Archaeological Field School

2 hours lecture, 6 hours supervised fieldwork; 6 credits
Intensive instruction in field methods and techniques of archaeology through participation in all aspects of an excavation; training in archaeological mapping, excavation techniques, and methods of archaeological laboratory analysis. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology 70.1 or who have previously received credit for archaeological fieldwork.) Prerequisite: Anthropology 2.2 and permission of the chairperson.

70.2 Archaeological Field School: Site Supervision

6 hours supervised fieldwork; 3 credits
Techniques and practice of supervision on an archaeological excavation. Students will be responsible for direction of a trench crew and maintenance and checking of documentation during a session of the Summer Archaeological Field School. Prerequisite: Anthropology and Archaeology 70.1 or Classics 29 or equivalent archaeological field experience, and permission of the chairperson.

71.3 Theory and Method

3 hours lecture, 2 hours laboratory; 4 credits
Major schools of anthropology; their distinctive approaches, concepts, and methods in the context of engaging in fieldwork. Techniques of fieldwork and analysis; ethnographic recording, participant observation, and focused interviewing. Analysis of information collected. (Not open to students who have completed Anthropology and Archaeology 70.3 andlor 71.) Prerequisite: Anthropology 1 and 2.2 or 2.3 or 2.4; and Anthropology 30 or 34; and six credits in advanced Anthropology and Archaeology courses; or permission of the chairperson.

75.1, 75.2 Seminar I, II

2 hours and independent work§; 3 credits
Course description may be obtained in the department office before registration. Report or final written examination. Students may not repeat seminar topics completed in Anthropology 84.1, 84.2, 84.3, 84.4, and 75.1. Prerequisite: the appropriate introductory course (Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 2.2 or 2.3 or 2.4) plus nine credits in Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses numbered 10 and higher, or permission of the chairperson.

76 Seminar in Museum Techniques

2 hours and independent work§; 3 credits
Introduction to museology. Practical experience in cooperation with museums in New York City. Prerequisite: the appropriate introductory course (Anthropology *1 or *2.1 or 2.2 or 2.3 or 2.4) plus nine credits in Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses numbered 10 and higher, or permission of the chairperson.

77 Seminar in Anthropological Theory

2 hours and independent work§; 3 credits
Reading of significant works. Course descriptions may be obtained in the department office before registration. Report or final written examination. Prerequisite: the appropriate introductory course (Anfhrop~logy*1 or 2.1 or 2.2 or 2.3 or 2.4) plus nine credits in Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses numbered 10 and higher, or permission of the chairperson.

78 Preprotessional lnternships

9 hours fieldwork; 3 credits
Supervised participation in professional activities in cooperation with museums, government agencies, and similar institutions. Specific student programs will vary with each project. Students will arrange for their programs in cooperation with a faculty adviser. In addition to successfully fulfilling the institution's requirements, the student will submit a written report on the internship to the faculty adviser. Prerequisite: six credits in Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses numbered 10 and higher, and permission of the chairperson during the semester prior to registration.

Honors courses

Students with superior records and the recommendation ot a department faculty member may apply to the chairperson for permission to register for courses described below. Students may not register for more than six credits in honors courses in the department in one term.

83.1, 83.2 Independent Research I, II

Minimum of 9 hours conference and independent work§; 3 credits each term Independent research supervised by a faculty member. Approved topic. Periodic conferences. Report. Not primarily for department honors.
Prerequisite of 83.1: completion of an approved program of advanced Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses and permission of the chairperson.
Prerequisite of 83.2: Anthropology 83.1.

85.3 Colloquium in Psychological Anthropology

Minimum of 9 hours conference and independent work§; 3 credits Critical review of recent studies in personality and culture.
Appraisal of current research techniques and methodologies. Course description may be obtained in the department office before registration. Report or final written examination.
Prerequisite: completion of an approved program of advanced Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses and permission of the chairperson.

88 Independent Study

Minimum of 9 hours conference and independent work§; 3 credits
Independent study supervised by a faculty member. Approved reading. Periodic conferences. Final written examination. Prerequisite: completion of an approved program of advanced Anthropology and Archaeology Department courses and permission of the chairperson.

The following courses are inactive and will be offered only if there is sufficient demand:

5 Anthropology of Race
36 Psychological Anthropology