KING OF KINGS

ADDED ATTRACTION

KING OF KINGS (1927)

Unlike the Old Testament, four of the books of the New Testament tell basically the same story - with variations. As previously mentioned, three of the gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke are sufficiently close that they are known as synoptic gospels and are thought to come from either some common source (called "Q" by scholars for the German word "Quelle" or source). The fourth Gospel - that of John - seems rather different.

None the less there is a cast of characters that appear:

Jesus
Mary, his mother
The Twelve

Simon called Peter (Grk. petros, petra; Aram. kïf; Engl. rock) by Jesus, also known as Simon bar Jonah and Simon bar Jochanan (Aram.) and earlier (Pauline Epistles were written first) Cephas (Aram.) by Paul of Tarsus and Simon Peter, a fisherman from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44; cf. 12:21)
* Andrew brother of Peter, a Bethsaida fisherman and disciple of John the Baptist, and also the First-Called Apostle
* James ("the Great") and
* John, sons of Zebedee, called by Jesus Boanerges (an Aramaic name explained in Mk 3:17 as "Sons of Thunder")
* Philip from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44, 12:21)
* Bartholomew, in Aramaic "bar-Talemai?", "son of Talemai" or from Ptolemais
* Thomas, also known as Judas Thomas Didymus - Aramaic T'oma' = twin, and Greek Didymous = twin
* James ("the Less") and
* Matthew the tax collector, sometimes identified with Levi, sons of Alphaeus
* Simon the Canaanite, called in Luke and Acts "Simon the Zealot"
* Judas Iscariot name Iscariot may refer to the Judaean towns of Kerioth or to the sicarii (Jewish nationalist insurrectionists), or to Issachar; he was replaced as an apostle in Acts by Matthias
The identity of the other apostle of the twelve varies between the Synoptic Gospels and also between ancient manuscripts of each gospel:
* Mark names him as Thaddaeus
* Some manuscripts of Matthew also identify him as Thaddeus
* Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Lebbaeus
* Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Judas the Zealot
* Luke names him as Judas, son of James
The Gospel of John, unlike the Synoptic Gospels, does not offer a formal list of apostles, nor does the author even state their number. However, the following eight apostles are identified in the fourth Gospel account:
* Peter
* Andrew (identified as Peter's brother)
* the sons of Zebedee
* Philip
* Nathanael
* Thomas (identified as also being called Judas and Didymus (John 20:24))
* Judas Iscariot

The individual that the Gospel of John names as Nathanael is traditionally identified as the same person that the Synoptic Gospels call Bartholomew, and most would agree that the sons of Zebedee is likely to be a reference to James the Great and John. Noticeably missing from the Gospel of John are James the Less, Matthew, and Simon the Canaanite/Zealot. James the Just was, according to the Book of Acts, the leader of the Jerusalem church, and Matthew is noticeably the most Jewish of the Gospels, and it may be the case that the author of John deliberately left out these two figures for a motive opposed to Jewish Christianity. By the second century, the presence of two Simons in the list of the Synoptic Gospels allowed a case to be made for Simon Magus being the other of the Simons, and hence one of the twelve apostles; and it may have been for this reason that John left the other Simon out.

Mary Magdalene
John the Baptist
Joseph, Mary's husband
Lazarus, who is raised from the dead

On the opposite side as it were are:
Annas (mentioned only in John) one of the High Priests
Caiaphas: Jewish High Priest
Pontius Pilate: (Governor of Judea) Presides over the trial of Jesus and orders execution.
Herod Antipas (Tetrach of Galilee. Tetrach means "ruler of a quarter"). After Herod the Great’s death Israel was divided in four quarters and each given to a son to rule over.

Other CHaracter that appear

Barabbas: The criminal released in place of Jesus
Dismas: The "good" thief crucified with Jesus and who defends Jesus while they are on the cross.
Gestas: The "good" thief crucified with Jesus
Joseph of Arimathea: Claims the body of Jesus and puts it in tomb.
Melchior, Caspar and Balthazar: The three Magi.
Sanhedrin: Council of 71 sages who made up the "supreme court" and legislative body of ancient Israel
Opposition to Christian historical accounts

Although the New Testament's account of the Sanhedrin's involvement in Jesus' crucifixion is detailed, the factual accuracy is disputed. Some scholars believe that these passages present a caricature of the Pharisees and were not written during Jesus' lifetime but rather some time after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE - a time when it had become clear that most Jews did not consider Jesus to be the messiah. Also, this was a time Christians sought most new converts from among the gentiles - thus adding to the likelihood that the New Testament's account would be more sympathetic to Romans than to the Jews. Furthermore, it was only after 70 that Phariseeism emerged as the dominant form of Judaism.

Some claim that the New Testament portrays the Sanhedrin as a corrupt group of Pharisees, although it was predominantly made up of Sadducees at the time. This does agree with the New Testament where the Sanhedrin's leadership - Annas and Caiaphas were Sadducees. The Gospels also consistently make a distinction between the Pharisees and "the elders," "the teachers of the law," and "the rulers of the people"

The opposition continues by saying that in order for the Christian leaders of the time to present Christianity as the legitimate heir to the Hebrew Scriptures, they had to devalue Rabbinic Judaism. In addition to the New Testament, other Christian writings relate that the Apostles Peter, John, Stephen, and Paul were all brought before the Sanhedrin for the blasphemous crime (from the Jewish perspective) of spreading their Gospel. However, the Gospels exist, and do give an account of events that happened well before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, although most scholars consider them to have been penned after the Temple was destroyed (however, see Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Matthew for views on earlier historical dating). Those scholars may believe them to have been based on earlier sources, rather than giving a first-person account; though the Gospels are not entirely dismissed, they are presumed to be biased rather than factual. However, Streeter and others of the Tuebingen school hold that Christian NT writings which discuss the Sanhedrin actually may date much earlier than previously thought, so supporters claim that the NT accounts quite possibly are more accurate that thought heretofore.

Watch the various characters and see how they change over different films, What characteristics are emphasized?

KING OF KINGS

This is a film which might be called a "conversion" film. The film's focus is a centurion named Lucius (Longus, Longinus). Traditionally it is his spear which stabs Christ and becomes the "Spear of Longinus" or the "Spear of Destiny".

The story revolves largely around the ways in which Christ have an effect on him. In this sence the film is close to Ben Hur and Tthe Robe, but the central focus on actual biblical events keeps it from slipping completely into that catehgory.

The film also has a narrator (Uncredited Orson Welles) who deliberately (and who knows for what reason, mispronounces "apostle" as written (that is with the "t" pronounced.

This is a "Harmonized" version using all four gosples plus the hisorian Josephus

What is the contempory setting of the film?

In what ways does the film make links to the world of the time that the film is made?

What is Christ like?

How is his personality "phrased" in the film?

After the Film

Nature of Jesus in Film

Gentle man of peace
Humanism upgrated over divinity
Confrontational scenes deleted.

no preaching in Nazareth
no cleansing of the Temple of money changers
no armed resistence in garden when Jesus is arrested
Verbal information. More a speaker of sayings than doer of miracles.

Called a "rebel with a cause" Restoration of people of Israel in spiritual sense, not economic or political

"Peace,love and brotherhood of man" (reported by Lucius)
Peace and love most often ossociated with Christ in film
"Love one another"
Does the film feel moe like secular humanism than religion? Or perhaps to glorify American Way of Life? (not very religious in many ways delaing with belief and faith.

One person wrote that auburn hair blue eyed Jeffrey Hunter (Christ) is the all American boy who goes to see his Irish mother (Siobhan McKenna - a famous Irish actress) Also missing are the pre-birth aspects of the story (annumciation, etc.). Some miracles - mostly those rather personal ones are shown while major ones (feeding the multitides with 2 fish and fiv loaves of bread, walking on water, stilling the storm) are reported and not shown.

Contrasted with Jesus Barabbas (Jesus is a name given to him but believed to be in later days). This is the contract between a violent messiah and a non violent one (with same given name)

Current setting in 1960:

Cold War
Recent arrival of Israel
Stress on human potential and development - New Age religion, Age of Aquarious etc.

What does the film do about responsibility of Jews? Some critics have argued that facts are rearranged to absolve Jews from all blame for Jesus' death. How is this problem handled in this film? How is it handled in different films?

Deletes scenes with trial with Caiapas
DeMille film has Caiaphas say "I alone am guilty"
This film goes further and has Pilate say "I and I alone have the authrority to sentence you to crucifixion"

The critical statement about this occurred before 1965 Vatican Council II which pronounced Jews as God's people.

The film allows the use of Rabbi with Jesus.

Filmic informations:

Makes use of newer archaeological material in costuming etc.

Use of shadows in Jesus' healing and at the end when shadow makes cross with fishnets.

Use of huge cast of extras. Battles, sermon on the mount (centerpiece of film). Red as color of power - white of victims (also purity and innocence) Crucified images: Herod when dies, John the Baptist in cell, final scene

Tendency to use POV shots even from cross . Alternation of shots of sheep and Jewish peasants to equate. Implication of Nazi Germany?